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The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), sometimes called The Great Revolt ((ヘブライ語:המרד הגדול), ', (ラテン語:Primum populi Romani bellum in Iudaeos)), was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judea Province (Iudaea) against the Roman Empire. The second was the Kitos War in 115–117, which took place mainly in the diaspora, and the third was Bar Kokhba's revolt of 132–135 CE. The Great Revolt began in the year 66 CE, originating in the Roman and Jewish religious tensions. The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens.〔.〕 The Romans responded by plundering the Jewish Temple and executing up to 6,000 Jews in Jerusalem, prompting a full-scale rebellion. The Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by rebels, while the pro-Roman king Agrippa II, together with Roman officials, fled Jerusalem. As it became clear the rebellion was getting out of control, Cestius Gallus, the legate of Syria, brought in the Syrian army, based on Legion XII ''Fulminata'' and reinforced by auxiliary troops, to restore order and quell the revolt. Despite initial advances and conquest of Jaffa, the Syrian Legion was ambushed and defeated by Jewish rebels at the Battle of Beth Horon with 6,000 Romans massacred and the Legion's aquila lost – a result that shocked the Roman leadership. Later, in Jerusalem, an attempt by Menahem ben Yehuda, leader of the Sicarii, to take control of the city failed. He was executed and the remaining Sicarii were ejected from the city. A charismatic, but radical peasant leader Simon bar Giora was also expelled by the new Judean government, and Ananus ben Ananus began reinforcing the city. Yosef ben Matityahu was appointed the rebel commander in the Galilee and Elazar ben Hananiya as the commander in Edom. The experienced and unassuming general Vespasian was given the task of crushing the rebellion in Judaea province. His son Titus was appointed as second-in-command. Given four legions and assisted by forces of King Agrippa II, Vespasian invaded Galilee in 67. Avoiding a direct attack on the reinforced city of Jerusalem, which was defended by the main rebel force, the Romans launched a persistent campaign to eradicate rebel strongholds and punish the population. Within several months Vespasian and Titus took over the major Jewish strongholds of Galilee and finally overran Jodapatha, which was under the command of Yosef ben Matitiyahu, after a 47-day siege. Driven from Galilee, Zealot rebels and thousands of refugees arrived in Judea, creating political turmoil in Jerusalem. Confrontation between the mainly Sadducee Jerusalemites and the mainly Zealot factions of the Northern Revolt under the command of John of Giscala and Eleazar ben Simon, erupted into bloody violence. With Edomites entering the city and fighting by the side of the Zealots, Ananus ben Ananus was killed and his faction suffered severe casualties. Simon Bar Giora, commanding 15,000 troops, was then invited into Jerusalem by the Sadducee leaders to stand against the Zealots, and quickly took control over much of the city. Bitter infighting between factions of Bar-Giora, John and Eleazar followed through the year 69. After a lull in the military operations, owing to civil war and political turmoil in Rome, Vespasian was called to Rome and appointed as Emperor in 69. With Vespasian's departure, Titus moved to besiege the center of rebel resistance in Jerusalem in early 70. The first two walls of Jerusalem were breached within three weeks, but a stubborn rebel standoff prevented the Roman Army from breaking the third and thickest wall. Following a brutal seven-month siege, during which Zealot infighting resulted in burning of the entire food supplies of the city, the Romans finally succeeded in breaching the defenses of the weakened Jewish forces in the summer of 70. Following the fall of Jerusalem, Titus left for Rome, leaving Legion X ''Fretensis'' to defeat the remaining Jewish strongholds, finalizing the Roman campaign in Masada in 73–74. ==Background== King Herod ruled Jerusalem from 37–4 BCE as a vassal king for the Roman Empire. Herod the Great was known as a tyrant, mostly because of his campaign to kill anyone who could claim the throne. Herod had all relatives of the previous dynasty, the Hasmonean dynasty, executed. This included his wife, the daughter of a Hasmonean King, and all of her family members.〔Cohen, Shaye. "Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple" in ''Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple,'' ed. Hershel Shanks (Prentice Hall, Biblical Archeology Society), 269.〕 Herod also created a new line of nobility that would have loyalties to only him. He appointed new high priests from families that were not connected to the past dynasty. Because Herod killed all ties to the Hasmonean dynasty and named new high priests, there was a void of power when he died. Another aspect of Herod's legacy was economic hardship. Labor workers, which had been employed at Herod's large-scale construction sites, became impoverished.〔Cohen, Shaye. "Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple" in ''Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple,'' ed. Hershel Shanks (Prentice Hall, Biblical Archeology Society), 273.〕 After Herod's death, the poor economy led to riots, and due to the lack of leadership in the region, the violence was not controlled. Herod's void of leadership made the region vulnerable to riots and can be considered an anticipatory cause of the Great Revolt.〔 After King Herod died, the Romans instituted procurators to rule the Judeans.〔Cohen, Shaye. "Roman Domination: The Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple" in ''Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple,'' ed. Hershel Shanks (Prentice Hall, Biblical Archeology Society), 286.〕 In the beginning, the Roman procurators respected the laws and customs of the Jewish people, allowing them to rest on the Sabbath, granting them exemption from pagan rituals, and even printing coins free of images despite the fact that elsewhere the coins bore images.〔 When confronted with a procurator who disrespected their laws, and customs, the Jews petitioned the governor of Syria to get the official removed.〔 However, this changed with the institution of Gessius Florus as a procurator.〔 Florus helped set the revolt in motion after stealing from the temple treasury, and murdering Jews who opposed the destruction.〔 Faced with Florus as a procurator, the Jews attempted to garner support from the governor of Syria at the time Cestius Gallius.〔 This plea for help however failed to garner any support. The consequent riot which erupted was the first in a series of revolts, and led to the formation of several revolutionary factions.〔 The revolt was further intensified when Florus attempted to stop the riots, which actually incited more revolutionary zeal.〔 Following increasing Roman domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, the initially semi-independent Herodian dynasty was officially merged into the Roman Empire in the year 6 CE. The transition of the client kingdom into a Roman province brought a great deal of tension and a Jewish uprising by Judas of Galilee erupted as a response to the Census of Quirinius. This revolt was quickly put down by the Romans. The years 7–26 were relatively calm, but after 37 the province again began to be a source of trouble for Emperor Caligula. The cause of tensions in the east of the Empire was complicated, involving the spread of Greek culture, Roman Law and the rights of Jews in the empire. Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, Aulus Avilius Flaccus. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' III.8, IV.21.〕 In 38, Caligula sent Agrippa to Alexandria unannounced to check on Flaccus.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' V.26–28.〕 According to Philo, the visit was met with jeers from the Greek population, who saw Agrippa as the king of the Jews.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' V.29.〕 Flaccus tried to placate both the Greek population and Caligula by having statues of the emperor placed in Jewish synagogues.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' VI.43.〕 As a result, extensive religious riots broke out in the city.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' VII.45.〕 Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''Flaccus'' XXI.185.〕 In 39, Agrippa accused Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of planning a rebellion against Roman rule with the help of Parthia. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Agrippa was rewarded with his territories.〔.〕 Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 between Jews and Greeks.〔.〕 Jews were accused of not honoring the emperor.〔 Disputes occurred also in the city of Jamnia.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''On the Embassy to Gaius'' XXX.201.〕 Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it.〔 In response, Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem,〔Philo of Alexandria, ''On the Embassy to Gaius'' XXX.203.〕 The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.〔Philo of Alexandria, ''On the Embassy to Gaius'' XXXI.213.〕 Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.〔 In 46 an insurrection by the Jews broke out in Judea province. The Jacob and Simon uprising was instigated by two brothers Jacob and Simon and lasted between 46–48. The revolt, which concentrated in the Galilee, began as sporadic insurgency and in 48 was put down by Roman authorities and both brothers executed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First Jewish–Roman War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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